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Nota de alcance. Los artículos estudian procesos relacionados con la novedad. No validan por sí solos una falacia como sesgo experimental único.

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Nota de alcance. Las fuentes psicológicas aportan contexto sobre razonamiento. La falacia se define por el salto lógico, no por un diagnóstico psicológico.

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Nota de alcance. La semejanza entre ideas no permite diagnosticar criptomnesia ni establecer intención. EI fenómeno descrito es involuntario.

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Nota de alcance. Credenciales y créditos morales son mecanismos distintos. La evidencia de licencia moral es heterogénea; no implica un efecto automático.

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Nota de alcance. No toda dificultad es una dificultad deseable. Los beneficios generales de usar letras difíciles no están respaldados de forma consistente.

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BMJ. Texto completo de la revisión sobre sesgo del observador.

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Nota de alcance. EI sesgo al evaluar y el cambio de conducta por señales del observador son vías diferentes. Las expectativas no siempre se confirman.

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PubMed. Metaanálisis de Bertsch et al. (2007).

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Nota de alcance. Generación y práctica de recuperación pueden coincidir, pero no son equivalentes. La ventaja depende de la tarea y del tipo de prueba.

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PubMed. Registro del estudio de McGlone y Tofighbakhsh (2000).

PubMed. Registro de Reber y Schwarz (1999).

Nota de alcance. EI lema en español es un ejemplo inventado para ilustrar el efecto; no fue una frase evaluada en los experimentos citados.

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Nota de alcance. Una replicación de 2023 no encontró el efecto con donaciones hipotéticas. La identificabilidad no aumenta siempre la ayuda.

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PubMed. Estudio sobre tipo de estímulo y longitud de lista.

PubMed. Reexamen sistemático del efecto en reconocimiento (2025).

Nota de alcance. La infografía se centra en recuerdo libre. No debe trasladarse sin más al reconocimiento ni confundirse con el efecto de longitud de palabra.

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ERIC. Registro del estudio de Craik y Tulving (1975).

ScienceDirect. Artículo original sobre transferencia apropiada.

Nota de alcance. La profundidad no se define por el tiempo empleado. EI procesamiento más eficaz depende también del tipo de prueba posterior.

O Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(2, Pt. Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 265-289. O Montoya, R. M. , Horton, R. S. , Vevea, J. L., Citkowicz, M., & Lauber, E. A. (2017). A re-examination of the mere exposure effect: The influence of repeated exposure on recognition, familiarity, and liking. Psychological Bulletin, 143(5), 459-498. O Peretz, 1., Gaudreau, D., & Bonnel, A. M. (1998). Exposure effects on music preference and recognition. Memory & Cognition, 26(5), 884–902. O Szpunar, K. K., Schellenberg, E. G., & Pliner, P. (2004). Liking and memory for musical stimuli as a function of exposure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,

Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987. En R. F. Bornstein (Ed.), Exposure and Affect: The Impact of Repeated Exposure on Affective Experience (pp. 13–71). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Zajonc, R. B. (2001). Mere exposure: A gateway to the subliminal. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 224–228.

Cognitive Bias Codex. The Mere Exposure Effect.

Mindtools – Mere Exposure Effect.

Verywell Mind – Mere Exposure Effect (Psychological Bias).

O Madison, G., & Schiolde, G. (2017). Repeated listening increases the liking for music regardless of its complexity: Implications for the appreciation and aesthetics of music. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 1 1, 147. Conductual.com

Behavioral Economics Guide – Mere Exposure Effect.

Crowder, R. G., & Morton, J. (1969). Precategorical acoustic storage (PAS). Perception & Psychophysics, 5(6), 365-373.

Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Memory (3.a ed.). Routledge.

Penney, C. G. (1989). Modality effects and the structure of short-term verbal memory. Memory & Cognition, 17(4), 398-422.

Ginns, P. (2005). Meta-analysis of the modality effect. Learning and Instruction, 15(4),

PubMed. Registro de la revisión de Penney (1989).

ERIC. Registro del metaanálisis de Ginns sobre aprendizaje multimedia.

Nota de alcance. La pieza trata recuerdo inmediato. En multimedia, modalidad también compara narración y texto junto a gráficos: es un paradigma distinto.

Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7(1),

National Research Council. (2014). Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification. The National Academies Press.

Hugenberg, K. , Young, S. G., Bernstein, M. J., & Sacco, D. F. (2010). The categorization-individuation model: An integrative account of the other-race recognition deficit. Psychological Review, 117(4), 1168-1187.

Young, S. G., Hugenberg, K., Bernstein, M. J., & Sacco, D. F. (2012). Perception and motivation in face recognition: A critical review of theories of the cross-race effect. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(2), 116-142.

National Academies. Acceso al informe de consenso de 2014.

PubMed. Registro del modelo de categorización-individuación.

Nota de alcance. «Raza» designa categorías sociales usadas en los estudios. EI efecto no implica superioridad biológica ni demuestra prejuicio individual.

Hurlstone, M. J., Hitch, G. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2014). Memory for serial order across domains: An overview of the literature and directions for future research. Psychological Bulletin, 140(2), 339-373.

Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Memory (3.a ed.). Routledge.

Henson, R. N. A. (1998). Short-term memory for serial order: The Start-End Model. Cognitive Psychology, 36(2), 73-137.

Baddeley, A. D. (1966). Short-term memory for word sequences as a function of acoustic, semantic and formal similarity. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,

PubMed. Revisión de Hurlstone et al. (2014).

PubMed. Modelo de Henson (1998).

Nota de alcance. EI término designa una tarea y procesos de memoria, no un sesgo único. Se distingue del efecto de posición serial, que describe ventajas según la posición de los elementos.

Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 496-502.

Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Memory (3.a ed.). Routledge.

Reed, A. E. , & Carstensen, L. L. (2012). The theory behind the age-related positivity effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 339.

Reed, A. E., Chan, L. , & Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: Age differences in preferences for positive over negative information. Psychology and Aging, 29(1), 1-15.

PubMed Central. Revisión de Reed y Carstensen (2012).

PubMed. Registro del metaanálisis de Reed et al. (2014).

Nota de alcance. Se usa aquí el sentido relacionado con la edad. Es un cambio relativo entre grupos, distinto del optimismo y de la retrospección rosada.

Anderson, N. H. (1965). Primacy effects in personality impression formation using a generalized order effect paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2(1), 1–9.

Murdock, B. B. (1962). The serial position effect of free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(5), 482–488.

Anderson, N. H., & Norman, A. (1964). Order effects in impression formation in four classes of stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 69, 467–471.

Hendrick, C., Costantini, A. F., McGarry, J., & McBride, K. (1973). Attention decrement, temporal variation, and the primacy effect in impression formation. Memory & Cognition, 1(2), 193–195.

Rosenbaum, M. E., & Levin, I. P. (1968). Impression formation as a function of source credibility and order of presentation of contradictory information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10(2), 167–174.

Page, M. P. A., & Norris, D. (1998). The primacy model: A new model of immediate serial recall. Psychological Review, 105(4), 761–781.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Memory. Psychology Press.

Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2020). Cognitive Psychology: A Student’s Handbook (8th ed.). Psychology Press.

Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge University Press.

The Decision Lab – Primacy Effect.

Verywell Mind – What Is the Primacy Effect?

Simply Psychology – Primacy Effect.

Cognitive Bias Codex.

Roediger, H. L., III, & Karpicke, J. D. (2006). Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science, 17(3), 249-255.

Brown, P. C., Roediger, H. L., III, & McDaniel, M. A. (2014). Make It Stick. The Science of Successful Learning. Harvard University Press.

Rowland, C. A. (2014). The effect of testing versus restudy on retention: A meta-analytic review of the testing effect. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1432-1463.

Yang, C., Luo, L., Vadillo, M. A., Yu, R., & Shanks, D. R. (2021). Testing (quizzing) boosts classroom learning: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 147(4), 399-435.

PubMed. Registro del estudio de Roediger y Karpicke (2006).

PubMed. Registro del metaanálisis sobre aprendizaje en el aula.

Nota de alcance. Las preguntas pueden servir para aprender sin calificación. EI beneficio varía con el intervalo, la tarea, la práctica y la retroalimentación.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453-458.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Barrar, Straus and Giroux.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1986). Rational choice and the framing of decisions. The Journal of Business, 59(4, parte 2), S251-S278.

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291.

Stanford University. Texto original de Tversky y Kahneman (1981).

PubMed. Registro del artículo de 1981.

Nota de alcance. EI juego y sus cifras son ilustrativos. Elegir un premio condicional seguro no es, por sí solo, un error; omitir la condición sí distorsiona su certeza.

van der Meulen, M. (2022). Are we indeed so illuded? Recency and frequency illusions in Dutch prescriptivism. Languages, 7(1), 42.

Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Reppen, R. (1998). Corpus linguistics: Investigating language structure and use. Cambridge University Press.

Michel, J.-B., et al. (2011). Quantitative analysis of culture using millions of digitized books. Science, 331(6014), 176-182. Contexto metodológico.

Zwicky, A. (2008). Recency. Language Log.

Zwicky, A. (2005). More illusions. Language Log.

Nota de alcance. Etiqueta introducida en la divulgación lingüística. EI estudio de 2022 es exploratorio y se centra en el neerlandés. Michel et al. aporta una herramienta histórica, no una prueba directa del sesgo. No equivale al efecto de recencia en memoria.

Tversky, A., & Koehler, D. J. (1994). Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability. Psychological Review, 101(4), 547–567.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Barrar, Straus and Giroux.

Rottenstreich, Y., & Tversky, A. (1997). Unpacking, repacking, and anchoring: Advances in support theory. Psychological Review, 104(2), 406–415.

Stanford. Texto de Support theory.

PubMed. Rottenstreich y Tversky (1997).

Nota de alcance. La comparación exige categorías disjuntas del mismo conjunto y periodo. EI desglose no siempre eleva las estimaciones; importan las alternativas y cómo se describen. Los porcentajes de la infografía son ilustrativos.

Nelson, D. L., Reed, V. S., & Walling, J. R. (1976). Pictorial superiority effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2(5), 523–528.

Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Memory (3.a ed.). Routledge.

Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 176-206.

McBride, D. M., & Dosher, B. A. (2002). A comparison of conscious and automatic memory processes for Picture and word stimuli: A process dissociation analysis. Consciousness and Cognition, 11(3), 423–460.

PubMed. Nelson et al. (1976).

PubMed. McBride y Dosher (2002).

Nota de alcance. Es una ventaja relativa en tareas concretas de memoria. No demuestra que toda imagen enseñe mejor; la doble codificación y la distintividad son explicaciones que se investigan.

Davison, W. P. (1983). The third-person effect in communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47(1), 1-15.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Barrar, Straus and Giroux.

Sun, Y., Pan, Z., & Shen, L. (2008). Understanding the third-person perception: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Journal of Communication, 58(2), 280–300.

Perloff, R. M. (1999). The third person effect: A critical review and synthesis. Media Psychology, 1(4), 353-378.

Oxford Academic. Artículo de Davison.

Penn State. Registro del metaanálisis. vidence-from-a-meta-an/

Nota de alcance. Se refiere a influencia percibida, no a una medición directa del efecto real. Puede invertirse con mensajes deseables; las consecuencias conductuales requieren evidencia adicional.

Hasher, L., Goldstein, D. , & Toppino, T. (1977). Frequency and the conference of referential validity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16(1), 107-112. Dechêne, A. , Stahl, C., Hansen, J., & Wãnke, M. (2010). The truth about the truth: A meta-analytic review of the truth effect. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(2), 238–257. Unkelbach, C. (2007). Reversing the truth effect: Learning the interpretation of processing fluency in judgments of truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Ariely, D. (2008). Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. HarperCoIIins.

Ecker, U. K. H. , Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J. , Schmid, R, Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N., Kendeou, R, Vraga, E. K., & Amazeen, M. A. (2022). The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1, 13–29.

Lewandowsky, S. , Ecker, U. K. H., & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the post-truth era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353–369.

Unkelbach, C. , & Rom, S. C. (2017). A referential theory of the repetition-induced truth effect. Cognition, 160, 110–126. Reber, Re, & Schwarz, N. (1999). Effects of perceptual fluency on judgments of truth. Consciousness and Cognition, 8(3), 338–342. Brashier, N. M. , & Marsh, E. J. (2020). Judging truth. Annual Review of Psychology, 71, 499-515. Henderson, E. L., Westwood, S. J., & Simons, D. J. (2022). A reproducible systematic map of research on the illusory truth effect. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 29, 2117–2133.

The Decision Lab – Illusory Truth Effect. Behavioral Economics Guide – Illusory Truth Effect.

Cognitive Bias Codex. Visual representation of cognitive biases. Wikipedia – Illusory truth effect.

Harms, l. M., Burdett, B. R. D., & Charlton, S. G. (2021). The role of route familiarity in traffic participants' behaviour and transport psychology research: A systematic review. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 9, 100331.

Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Memory (3.a ed.). Routledge.

Avni-Babad, D., & Ritov, l. (2003). Routine and the perception of time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132(4), 543–550.

Van de Ven, N., Van Rijswijk, L., & Roy, M. M. (2011). The return trip effect: Why the return trip often seems to take less time. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 827–832.

Texto del estudio sobre rutina y tiempo.

PMC. Estudio del viaje de vuelta.

Nota de alcance. Etiqueta divulgativa con evidencia directa limitada como efecto independiente. Los estudios de rutina aportan contexto; el efecto del viaje de vuelta tiene explicaciones distintas y no debe confundirse con este.

Schmidt, S. R. (1994). Effects of humor on sentence memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(4), 953–967.

Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Memory (3.a ed.). Routledge.

Schmidt, S. R., & Williams, A. R. (2001). Memory for humorous cartoons. Memory & Cognition, 29(2), 305-311.

PubMed. Memoria de frases humorísticas.

PubMed. Memoria de viñetas humorísticas.

Nota de alcance. Los estudios citados miden memoria de frases y viñetas. Su aplicación didáctica es una propuesta práctica; no demuestra una mejora universal del aprendizaje ni de la memoria de todos los detalles.

McCambridge, J., Witton, J., & Elbourne, D. R. (2014). Systematic review of the Hawthorne effect: New concepts are needed to study research participation effects. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 67(3), 267-277.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Barrar, Straus and Giroux.

Levitt, S. D., & List, J. A. (2011). Was there really a Hawthorne effect at the Hawthorne plant? An analysis of the original illumination experiments. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(1), 224-238.

PMC. Revisión del efecto Hawthorne.

NBER. Documento de trabajo de Levitt y List.

Nota de alcance. Aquí se aborda reactividad conductual, no física cuántica ni sesgo de expectativa del observador. EI efecto Hawthorne es una interpretación relacionada y discutida; no implica que observar siempre mejore el desempeño.

Brenner, M. (1973). The next-in-line effect. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12(3), 320-323.

Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Memory (3.a ed.). Routledge.

Forrin, N. D., et al. (2019). Wait for it...performance anticipation reduces recognition memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 109, 104050.

ScienceDirect. Estudio original de Brenner.

University of Waterloo. Texto de Forrin et al. s/jm119.pdf

Nota de alcance. EI efecto se ha estudiado en tareas de turnos y anticipación de actuación. No equivale a olvidar por estar físicamente en una fila; las recomendaciones son aplicaciones prácticas, no garantías de eliminarlo.

Raghubir, P., & Srivastava, J. (2009). The denomination effect. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(4), 701-713.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Barrar, Straus and Giroux.

Reutskaja, E., Iyamabo, J. , Raghubir, P., & Gallo, l. (2020). Price-denomination effect: Choosing to pay with denominations that are the same as the product prices. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 552888.

Oxford Academic. Raghubir y Srivastava.

PMC. Artículo sobre precio y denominación.

Nota de alcance. EI ejemplo de cien pesos es ilustrativo. EI efecto depende del contexto; no implica que conservar billetes grandes siempre reduzca el gasto ni se aplica automáticamente a tarjetas o pagos digitales.

Lichtenstein, S. , & Fischhoff, B. (1977). Do those who know more also know more about how much they know? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 20(2),

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Barrar, Straus and Giroux.

Juslin, P., Winman, A., & Olsson, H. (2000). Naive empiricism and dogmatism in confidence research: A critical examination of the hard-easy effect. Psychological Review, 107(2), 384-396.

ScienceDirect. Lichtenstein y Fischhoff.

PubMed. Análisis crítico del efecto.

Nota de alcance. Es un patrón de calibración sensible al diseño y al análisis, no una ley universal ni equivalente al efecto Dunning-Kruger. No permite concluir que toda tarea difícil provoque exceso de confianza.

Shefrin, H. , & Statman, M. (1985). The disposition to sell winners too early and ride losers too long: Theory and evidence. The Journal of Finance, 40(3), 777–790.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Barrar, Straus and Giroux.

Odean, T. (1998). Are investors reluctant to realize their losses? The Journal of Finance, 53(5), 1775-1798.

UC Berkeley. Texto de Odean. torsReluctant.pdf

NBER. Estudio relacionado con el efecto disposición.

Nota de alcance. Vender una ganadora o conservar una perdedora no demuestra por sí solo un sesgo: pueden intervenir impuestos, costes y expectativas. Material educativo; no recomienda operaciones concretas.

Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6),

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Gilovich, T. , Griffin, D. , & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge University Press.

Dunning, D. (2011). The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 44,

Bazerman, M. H. , & Moore, D. A. (2013). Judgment in Managerial Decision Making (8th ed.). Wiley.

Dunning, D., Heath, C. , & Suls, J. M. (2004). Flawed Self-Assessment: Implications for Health, Education, and the Workplace. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(3), 69–106. Clance, P. R. , & Imes, S. A. (1978). The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15(3), 241–247. Bravata, D. M., Watts, S. A., Keefer, A. L, et al. (2020). Prevalence, Predictors, and Treatment of Impostor Syndrome: a Systematic Review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35, 1252–1275. Masquijo, J., & Bettendorff, M. C. (2024). Entre la confianza y la duda: explorando eI síndrome del impostor y eI efecto Dunning-Kruger en la profesión médica. Acta Ortopédica Mexicana, 38(2). Bressler, M. S. , & Bressler, M. E. (2025). A Tale of Two Managers: Dunning-Kruger and the Impostor. Journal of Organizational Psychology,

Dunning, D. (Ed.). (2012). Social Motivation. Psychology Press.

The Decision Lab - Dunning-Kruger Effect.

Verywell Mind - Dunning-Kruger Effect. https•.//wvvw.verywellmind.com/an-overview-of-the-dunning-kruger-effect-4160740

Simply Psychology - Dunning-Kruger Effect.

Cognitive Bias Codex.

Conductual.com

Schkade, D. A., & Kahneman, D. (1998), Does living in California make people happy? A focusing illusion in judgments Of life satisfaction. Psychological Science, 9(5), 340–346.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2006). Would you be happier if you were richer? A focusing illusion. Science, 312(5782), 1908-1910.

Wilson, T. D., Wheatley, T., Meyers, J. M., Gilbert, D. T., & Axsom, D. (2000). Focalism: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(5), 821–836.

Registro editorial del estudio sobre California.

Registro del estudio sobre ingreso y bienestar.

Registro del estudio sobre focalismo.

Sparrow, B., Liu, J., & Wegner, D. M. (2011). Google effects on memory: Cognitive consequences of having information at our fingertips. Science, 333(6043), 776–778.

Wegner, D. M. (1987). Transactive memory: A contemporary analysis of the group mind. En B. Mullen y G. R. Goethals (Eds.), Theories of Group Behavior (pp. 185–208). Springer.

Risko, E. F., & Gilbert, S. J. (2016). Cognitive offloading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(9), 676–688.

Storm, B. C., & Stone, S. M. (2015). Saving-enhanced memory: The benefits of saving on the learning and remembering of new information. Psychological Science, 26(2), 182–188.

PubMed – ficha del estudio original del efecto Google.

PubMed – revisión sobre descarga cognitiva.

Camerer, C. F., Dreber, A., Holzmeister, F., et al. (2018). Evaluating the replicability of social science experiments in Nature and Science between 2010 and 2015. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 637–644.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Thorndike, E. L. (1920). A constant error in psychological ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(1), 25–29.

Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge University Press.

Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(4), 250–256.

Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2013). Social Cognition (2nd ed.). Sage.

Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(3), 285–290.

Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. M. (2010). Social Psychology (7th ed.). Pearson.

Cooper, W. H. (1981). Ubiquitous halo. Psychological Bulletin, 90(2), 218–244.

The Decision Lab - Halo Effect.

Balzer, W. K. , & Sulsky, L. M. (1992). Halo and performance appraisal research: A critical examination. Journal of Applied Psychology,

Verywell Mind - What Is the Halo Effect?

Forgas, J. P. (2011). Can negative affect eliminate the power of first impressions? Affective influences on primacy and halo effects in impression formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,

Britannica - Halo effect.

Cognitive Bias Codex.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Norton, M. l. , Mochon, D. , & Ariely, D. (2012). The IKEA effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 22(3),

Ariely, D. (2008). Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. HarperCollins.

Franke, N. , Schreier, M., & Kaiser, U. (2010). The "1 Designed It Myself" Effect in Mass Customization. Management Science, 56(1),

Gilovich, T. , Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge University Press.

Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,

Bazerman, M. H., & Moore, D. A. (2013). Judgment in Managerial Decision Making (8th ed.). Wiley.

Pierce, J. L., Kostova, T., & Dirks, K. T. (2001). Toward a Theory of Psychological Ownership in Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 26(2). Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the Extended Self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15. Dahl, D. W., & Moreau, C. P. (2007). Thinking Inside the Box: Why Consumers Enjoy Constrained Creative Experiences. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(3), 357–369.

The Decision Lab – IKEA Effect.

Verywell Mind – What Is the IKEA Effect?

BehavioralEconomics.com – IKEA Effect.

Cognitive Bias Codex.

Johnson, H. M., & Seifert, C. M. (1994). Sources of the continued influence effect: When misinformation in memory affects later inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(6), 1420–1436.

Seifert, C. M. (2002). The continued influence of misinformation in memory: What makes a correction effective? En Psychology of Learning and Motivation (vol. 41, pp. 265–292). Academic Press.

Walter, N., & Tukachinsky, R. (2020). A meta-analytic examination of the continued influence of misinformation in the face of correction: How powerful is it, Why does it happen, and how to stop it? Communication Research, 47(2), 155–177.

Nature Reviews Psychology – ficha editorial de la revisión.

Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N., Kendeou, P., Vraga, E. K., & Amazeen, M. A. (2022). The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1(1), 13–29.

Chapman University – repositorio del metaanálisis.

Hsee, C. K. (1998). Less is better: When low-value options are valued more highly than high-value options. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 11(2), 107–121. https•.//doi.org/10.1002/(SlCl)1099-0771(199806)11:2%3C107::AlD-BDM292%3E3.O.CO•,2-Y

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Nota de alcance. Describe una inversión de valoración bajo ciertas condiciones, no una regla de minimalismo. La réplica de 2023 obtuvo resultados mayormente favorables y señala diferencias entre escenarios.

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Nota de alcance. Hipótesis de adaptación conductual, no ley universal ni sesgo individual único. La evidencia varía entre intervenciones. Una posible compensación parcial no demuestra que desaparezca el beneficio neto de la seguridad.

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NOTA La evidencia contemporánea sugiere que el efecto rebote puede presentarse bajo ciertas condiciones, pero no constituye una respuesta universal ante las correcciones. Estudios posteriores han encontrado que, en promedio, las correcciones suelen mejorar la precisión de las creencias.

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Nota de alcance. Se refiere principalmente al recuerdo inmediato de secuencias auditivas. No cualquier ruido produce el mismo efecto. EI almacenamiento acústico precategorial es una explicación histórica, no la única interpretación.

Neter, J., & Waksberg, J. (1964). A study of response errors in expenditures data from household interviews. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 59(305), 18–55.

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PubMed. Modelo de datación autobiográfica.

National Academies. Contexto sobre recuerdo en encuestas.

Nota de alcance. EI desplazamiento hacia el presente es telescopía hacia adelante; en la dirección contraria, hacia atrás. No equivale a sentir que el tiempo pasa rápido ni a recordar el pasado como más positivo.

McDaniel, M. A., & Einstein, G. O. (1986). Bizarre imagery as an effective memory aid: The importance of distinctiveness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12(1), 54-65.

Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Memory (3.a ed.). Routledge.

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PubMed. Registro del estudio de McDaniel et al. (1995).

PubMed. Registro del estudio de McDaniel et al. (2005).

Nota de alcance. Es un efecto de memoria condicionado por el contexto. No implica que toda información extraña se recuerde mejor ni que sea más creíble.

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Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Memory (3.a ed.). Routledge.

Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87–114.

Classics in the History of Psychology. Texto de Miller.

PubMed. Revisión de Cowan.

Nota de alcance. No es un sesgo cognitivo ni una norma universal de diseño. EI bloque depende del conocimiento. Las estimaciones cercanas a cuatro también son condicionales; el artículo de Cowan va seguido de comentarios y réplica.

Allison, S. T., & Messick, D. M. (1985). The group attribution error. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21 (6), 563–579.

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ScienceDirect. Estudio de Allison y Messick.

SAGE. Estudio de amenaza y atribución grupal.

Nota de alcance. No equivale al error fundamental de atribución ni a todo estereotipo. EI foco es inferir actitudes individuales a partir de resultados colectivos sin atender a su proceso de decisión.

Heath, C. (1999). On the social psychology of agency relationships: Lay theories of motivation overemphasize extrinsic incentives. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78(1), 25–62.

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PubMed. Artículo de Heath.

Collabra: Psychology (2021). Réplica relacionada con interés propio.

Nota de alcance. EI nombre más habitual en investigación es extrinsic incentives bias. No equivale al efecto de sobrejustificación ni implica que el dinero no motive. La réplica enlazada aborda interés propio, un fenómeno relacionado.

Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 173–220.

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Cognitive Bias Codex. Visual representation of cognitive biases.

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SAGE. Propuesta original de Pettigrew.

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Nota de alcance. La revisión de Hewstone encuentra favoritismo en las atribuciones intergrupales, pero apoyo limitado al patrón completo propuesto por Pettigrew. EI ejemplo entre departamentos es ilustrativo; no es una regla universal.

Staw, B. M. (1976). Knee-deep in the big muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(1),

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Barrar, Straus and Giroux.

Sleesman, D. J., Conlon, D. E., McNamara, G., & Miles, J. E. (2012). Cleaning up the big muddy: A meta-analytic review of the determinants of escalation of commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 55(3), 541-562.

ScienceDirect. Estudio experimental de Staw.

Academy of Management. Metaanálisis de Sleesman et al.

Nota de alcance. EI término habitual es escalada del compromiso. Persistir puede ser razonable si 10 justifican beneficios y costes futuros; el resultado negativo por sí solo no prueba un sesgo. Los costes hundidos son un factor relacionado.

Rhodes, M., Leslie, s.-J., & Tworek, C. M. (2012). Cultural transmission of social essentialism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(34), 13526-13531.

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Rhodes, M., & Mandalaywala, T. M. (2017). The development and developmental consequences of social essentialism. WIREs Cognitive Science, 8(4), el 437.

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Rhodes, M., Leslie, S.-J., Saunders, K., Dunham, Y., & Cimpian, A. (2018). How does social essentialism affect the development of inter-group relations? Developmental Science, 21(1), el 2509.

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Cognitive Bias Codex. Visual representation of cognitive biases.

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Bennett, B. Appeal to Possibility. Definición de la falacia.

Mental Models. Texto de Johnson-Laird et al.

Nota de alcance. Es una falacia lógica, no un sesgo experimental único. Los artículos aportan contexto sobre el juicio probabilístico. Decidir con probabilidades o tomar precauciones puede ser razonable sin asumir certeza.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983). Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychological Review, 90(4), 293-315.

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Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (2002). Inside the planning fallacy: The causes and consequences of optimistic time predictions. En T. Gilovich, D. Griffin & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (pp. 250–270). Cambridge University Press.

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Cognitive Bias Codex. Visual representation of cognitive biases.

Mindtools – Base Rate Fallacy.

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Behavioral Economics Guide – Base Rate Fallacy.

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Nota de alcance. Falacia lógica vinculada a contextos de conocimiento y creencia. No es un efecto de memoria ni un sesgo experimental único. Las fuentes filosóficas explican por qué la sustitución de expresiones puede fallar en esos contextos.

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Cognitive Bias Codex. Visual representation of cognitive biases.

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ScienceDirect. Estudio clásico de Brown y McNeill.

PubMed. Revisión de Brown (1991).

Nota de alcance. Es un fenómeno de recuperación y metacognición, no un sesgo en sí mismo. Las explicaciones de activación e interferencia son hipótesis relacionadas. Las pistas y las pausas no garantizan resolver todos los episodios.

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Verywell Mind - What Is Functional Fixedness?

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Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge University Press.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131.

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APA Dictionary of Psychology – Availability Heuristic.

The Decision Lab – Availability Heuristic.

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PubMed. Estudio de Walster.

APA PsycNet. Estudio de Shaver.

Nota de alcance. La hipótesis no predice que siempre aumentemos la culpa ni que culpemos necesariamente a la víctima. La dirección depende de la semejanza, el papel de la persona implicada y la relevancia del accidente.

Lerner, M. J., & Simmons, C. H. (1966). Observer's reaction to the "innocent victim": Compassion or rejection? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(2), 203–210.

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Hafer, C. L, & Sutton, R. (Eds.). Belief in a Just World and Social Justice.

van den Bos, K., & Maas, M. (2009). On the psychology of the belief in a just world: Exploring experiential and rationalistic paths to victim blaming. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(12),

Furnham, A., & Procter, E. Reviews on belief in a just world and attribution.

Furnham, A. (2003). Belief in a just world: Research progress over the past decade. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(5), 795–817. Russell, K. J., & Hand, C. J. (2017). Rape myth acceptance, victim blame attribution and Just World Beliefs: A rapid evidence assessment. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 37, 153–160.

Verywell Mind - What Is the Just-World Phenomenon?

Frontiers in Psychology - Victim Blaming and Just World Beliefs.

Hafer, C. L., & Bàgue, L. (2005). Experimental research on just-world theory: Problems, developments, and future challenges. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 128-167.

The Decision Lab - Just-World Hypothesis.

Cognitive Bias Codex.

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PubMed. Experimentos sobre agencia externa.

Harvard University. Publicaciones de Daniel Gilbert.

Nota de alcance. La definición sigue el estudio de Gilbert et al. (2000): satisfacción autogenerada e inferencias sobre un agente. EI trabajo de 1998 aporta contexto sobre adaptación; no es una réplica. EI ejemplo del regalo es ilustrativo.

Gilovich, T. (1991). How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life.

Gilovich, T., Vallone, R., & Tversky, A. (1985). The hot hand in basketball: On the misperception of random sequences. Cognitive Psychology, 17(3), 295-314.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow.

Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1971). Belief in the law of small numbers. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 105-110.

Kahneman, De, Slovic, R, & Tversky, A. (Eds.). (1982). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology,

Cognitive Bias Codex.

Gilovich, T. (1983). Biased evaluation and persistence in gambling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,

The Decision Lab - Clustering Illusion.

Verywell Mind - Clustering Illusion.

Britannica - Clustering illusion.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Langer, E. J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 311–328.

Gilovich, T., Griffn, D., & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge University Press.

Thompson, S. C. , Armstrong, W., & Thomas, C. (1998). Illusions of control, underestimations, and accuracy: A control heurístic explanation. Psychological Bulletin, 123(2), 143–161.

Bazerman, M. H., & Moore, D. A. (2013). Judgment in Managerial Decision Making (8th ed.). Wiley.

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The Decision Lab - Illusion of Control.

Verywell Mind - Illusion of Control.

Behavioral Economics - Illusion of Control. illusion-of-control/

Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., & Rosoff, R. (1981). Depression and the generation of complex hypotheses in the judgment of contingency. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19(1), 35–45.

Cognitive Bias Codex.

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Zwicky, A. M. (2018). The Shadow knows. Arnold Zwicky's Blog.

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Zwicky, A. M. Illusions postings. Índice de textos del autor.

Zimmer, B. (2019). "Frequency illusion" in the OED. Language Log.

Origen del nombre: En una contribución publicada en 1994, Terry Mullen, lector del St. Paul Pioneer Press, llamó así a la coincidencia de volver a encontrar el nombre del grupo alemán Baader-Meinhof en 24 horas. EI nombre terminó describiendo la sensación de encontrar repetidamente algo recién descubierto.

Pronin, E., Kruger, J., Savitsky, K. , & Ross, L. (2001). You don't know me, but I know you: The illusion of asymmetric insight. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Barrar, Straus and Giroux.

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PubMed. Estudio original de Pronin et al.

Aarhus University. Análisis explicativo de 2019. ght/

Nota de alcance. EI foco es una asimetría percibida del conocimiento interpersonal, no una superioridad objetiva demostrada. EI artículo de 2019 es una explicación teórica, no una nueva réplica experimental.

Gilovich, T., Savitsky, K., & Medvec, V. H. (1998). The illusion of transparency: Biased assessments of others' ability to read one's emotional states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 332-346.

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National Library of Medicine. Registro y resumen del estudio fundacional (1998).

Gilovich, T., & Savitsky, K. (1999). The spotlight effect and the illusion of transparency: Egocentric assessments of how we are

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Judgment and Belief Lab. Publicaciones de Thomas Gilovich; acceso a estudios originales.

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80(4), 237–251.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

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National Library of Medicine. Registro de Conditions for intuitive expertise (2009).

Kahneman, D., & Klein, G. (2009). Conditions for intuitive expertise: A failure to disagree. American Psychologist, 64(6), 515–526. https•.//doi.org/10.1037/a0016755

Princeton University. Publicaciones de Daniel Kahneman; acceso a investigaciones originales.

Shafir, E., Diamond, P., & Tversky, A. (1997). Money illusion. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 341–374.

Fisher, l. (1928). The Money Illusion. Adelphi Company.

Ziano, 1., Li, J., Tsun, S. M., Lei, H. C., Kamath, A. A., Cheng, B. L., & Feldman, G. (2021). Revisiting "money illusion": Replication and extension of Shafir, Diamond, and Tversky (1997). Journal of Economic Psychology, 83, 102349.

INEGI. índice Nacional de Precios al Consumidor (INPC). Datos para comparar precios entre periodos.

Ferreira, M. M., Santiago, M. Y. T., Bastos, R., Fatori, D., Borborema, R. S., Seda, L, & Batistuzzo, M. C. (2024). Replication: The money illusion effect in a Brazilian sample and meta-analyses. Journal of Economic Psychology, 104, 102744.

Ziano y colaboradores. Materiales, datos y código de la replicación de Money Illusion (OSF).

Anderson, M. C. , Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1994). Remembering can cause forgetting: Retrieval dynamics in long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(5), 1063-1087.

Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Memory (3.a ed.). Routledge.

Anderson, M. C. , & Green, C. (2001). Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control. Nature, 410, 366-369.

Murayama, K., Miyatsu, T. , Buchli, D. , & Storm, B. C. (2014). Forgetting asa consequence of retrieval: A meta-analytic review of retrieval-induced forgetting. Psychological Bulletin, 140(5), 1383-1409.

PubMed. Recuperación y olvido (1994).

PubMed. Metaanálisis de Murayama et al.

Nota de alcance. Incluye líneas de investigación diferentes: olvido inducido por recuperación y supresión intencional. La interpretación inhibitoria se debate frente a otras explicaciones. Estos estudios no prueban un borrado permanente ni la exactitud de recuerdos recuperados.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1971). Belief in the law of small numbers. Psychological Bulletin, 76(2), 105–110.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124-1131.

NIST/SEMATECH. e-Handbook of Statistical Methods: Confidence intervals for a binomial proportion.

Sedlmeier, P., & Gigerenzer, G. (1997). Intuitions about sample size: The empirical law of large numbers. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 10(1), 33–51.

Princeton University. Publicaciones de Daniel Kahneman; acceso a investigaciones originales.

Sommerhoff, D., Weixler, S., & Hamedinger, C. (2023). Sensitivity to sample size in the context of the empirical law of large numbers: Comparing the effectiveness of three approaches to support early secondary school students. Journal für Mathematik-Didaktik, 44(1), 233–267.

Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. The Journal ofAbnormal and Social Psychology, 59(2), 177–181.

Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press. theory-cognitive-dissonance

Gerard, H. B., & Mathewson, G. C. (1966). The effects of severity of initiation on liking for a group: A replication. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2(3),

Inzlicht, M., Shenhav, A., & Olivola, C. Y. (2018). The effort paradox: Effort is both costly and valued. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(4), 337–349.

PubMed Central. Texto completo de The Effort Paradox: Effort Is Both Costly and Valued,

Shenhav Lab. Publicaciones sobre motivación y esfuerzo.

Lodewijkx, H. F. M., & syroit, J. E. M. M. (1997). Severity of initiation revisited: Does severity of initiation increase attractiveness in real groups? European Journal of Social Psychology, 27(3), 275–300.

Jost, J. T. , & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1-27.

Jost, J. T. (2020). A theory of system justification. Harvard University Press.

Jost, J. T. (2019). A quarter century of system justification theory: Questions, answers, criticisms, and societal applications. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(2),

Wiley. Propuesta de Jost y Banaji.

Wiley. Revisión y discusión de la teoría.

Nota de alcance. Es una teoría sobre motivaciones y actitudes, con hipótesis y críticas en discusión. Apoyar una institución no demuestra por sí solo un sesgo. EI ejemplo organizacional ilustra el razonamiento, sin diagnosticar motivos individuales.

Kool, W., McGuire, J. T. , Rosen, Z. B., & Botvinick, M. M. (2010). Decision making and the avoidance of cognitive demand. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,

Parkinson, C. N. (1957). Parkinson's law, and Other studies in administration. Houghton Mifflin. Origen histórico; ficha bibliográfica.

Stasser, G., & Titus, W. (1985). Pooling of unshared information in group decision making: Biased information sampling during discussion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(6), 1467-1478.

PMC. Estudio sobre evitación de demanda cognitiva.

Government Finance Officers Association. Breaking the Law of Triviality.

Nota de alcance. También se conoce como bike-shedding o efecto del cobertizo para bicicletas. Es una observación organizacional, no una ley universal. Los artículos estudian mecanismos relacionados; no son pruebas directas de la ley.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 207–232.

Dezfuli, H., Benjamin, A., Everett, C., Maggio, G., Stamatelatos, M. , Youngblood, R. , Guarro, S., Rutledge, P., Sherrard, J., Smith, C., & Williams, R. (2011). NASA Risk Management Handbook (NASA/SP-2011-3422, versión I .0). NASA.

Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220.

Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4), 296–320

McGee, C. (2023). Doc Jargon delves into the origin of Murphy's Law. DVIDS. doc-jargon-delves-into-origin-murphys-law

Estas fuentes explican procesos psicológicos relacionados; no demuestran la ley de Murphy.

Origen del nombre: suele atribuirse al ingeniero Edward A. Murphy, asociado al proyecto MX981. La frase se difundió como recordatorio de prever fallos.

Stevens, S. S. (1957). On the psychophysical law. Psychological Review, 64(3), 153-181. Discusión y alternativa a la relación logarítmica.

Fechner, G. T. (1966). Elements of psychophysics (Vol. 1; H. E. Adler, trad.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Obra original de 1860.

Dehaene, S. (2003). The neural basis of the Weber-Fechner law: A logarithmic mental number line. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(4), 145-147.

PubMed. Artículo de Stevens.

UNICOG. Texto de Dehaene sobre magnitud numérica. df

Nota de alcance. Weber describe discriminación relativa; Fechner deriva una relación logarítmica bajo supuestos adicionales. Stevens plantea una alternativa de potencia. EI ejemplo es ilustrativo: no fija un umbral universal ni demuestra una ley de precios.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Nickerson, R. S. (1999). How we know–and sometimes misjudge–what others know: Imputing one's own knowledge to others. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 737-759. Gilovich, T., Griffin, D. , & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge University Press.

Camerer, C., Loewenstein, G. , & Weber, M. (1989). The Curse of Knowledge in Economic Settings: An Experimental Analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 97(5), 1232–1254.

Birch, S. A. J., & Bloom, P. (2007). The Curse of Knowledge in Reasoning About False Beliefs. Psychological Science, 18(5), 382–386

Camerer, C. F. (2003). Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction. Princeton University Press.

Birch, S. A. J., & Bloom, P. (2003). Children Are Cursed: An Asymmetric Bias in Mental-State Attribution. Psychological Science,

The Decision Lab - Curse of Knowledge. Verywell Mind - Curse of Knowledge Bias. Behavioral Economics Guide - Curse of Knowledge. curse-of-knowledge/ Cognitive Bias Codex.

Birch, S. A. J., & Bernstein, D. M. (2007). What Can Children Tell Us About Hindsight Bias: A Fundamental Constraint on Perspective-Taking? Social Cognition, 25(1), 98–113.

Lombrozo, T. (2007). Simplicity and probability in causal explanation. Cognitive Psychology, 55(3), 232–257.

Sober, E. (2015). Ockham's razors: A user's manual. Cambridge University Press.

Feldman, J. (2016). The simplicity principle in perception and cognition. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 7(5), 330–340.

Baker, A. (2022). Simplicity. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Johnson, S. G. B., Valenti, J. J., & Keil, F. C. (2019). Simplicity and complexity preferences in causal explanation: An opponent heuristic account. Cognitive Psychology, 113, 101222.

EI nombre se asocia a Guillermo de Ockham; las formulaciones modernas tienen una historia más amplia.

Estos estudios examinan preferencias explicativas; no prueban que la explicación más simple siempre sea verdadera.

Allport, G. W., & Postman, L. J. (1945). The basic psychology of rumor. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 8(2, Series II), 61-81.

Bartlett, F. C. (1932/1995). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge University Press. Reedición de la obra de 1932.

Mesoudi, A., Whiten, A., & Dunbar, R. (2006). A bias for social information in human cultural transmission. British Journal of Psychology, 97(3), 405-423. Contexto experimental relacionado.

Wiley. Trabajo clásico de Allport y Postman.

Wiley. Experimentos sobre transmisión de información social.

Nota de alcance. Agudizar significa destacar selectivamente, no necesariamente exagerar o inventar. EI estudio de 2006 examina sesgos de contenido en transmisión, no una réplica exacta del modelo clásico. EI ejemplo es ilustrativo.

Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business School Press. what-is-open-innovation/

Katz, R., & Allen, T. J. (1982). Investigating the Not Invented Here (NIH) syndrome: A look at the performance, tenure, and communication patterns of 50 R & D project groups. Management, 12(1), 7-20.

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Los efectos de las intervenciones varían según el contexto, la medida utilizada y el tiempo de seguimiento.

a comprender estos conceptos relacionados.

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